Pregnancy Loss

Pregnancy loss, also known as miscarriage, is the loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. It is a common occurrence, affecting up to 20% of all pregnancies.

Types of Pregnancy Loss

• Early pregnancy loss: Occurs within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy and is often due to chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal imbalances.
• Late pregnancy loss: Occurs between 12 and 20 weeks of pregnancy and may be caused by factors such as cervical insufficiency, placental abruption, or fetal growth restriction.
• Stillbirth: The loss of a fetus after the 20th week of pregnancy, often due to complications such as placental abruption, umbilical cord problems, or maternal medical conditions.
• Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube, and is not viable.
• Molar pregnancy: A rare condition where a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus and will not develop into a fetus.

Causes of Pregnancy Loss

Pregnancy loss can be caused by various factors, including:

• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Hormonal imbalances
• Cervical insufficiency
• Placental abruption
• Fetal growth restriction
• Maternal medical conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
• Infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or group B strep
• Lifestyle factors, such as smoking or substance abuse

Symptoms of Pregnancy Loss

The symptoms of pregnancy loss can vary depending on the type and stage of pregnancy. Common symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding or spotting
• Cramping or abdominal pain
• Passing tissue or clots
• Fever or chills
• Nausea or vomiting

Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Loss

A diagnosis of pregnancy loss is typically made through a combination of physical examination, ultrasound, and laboratory tests. Treatment options may include:

• Expectant management: Allowing the body to naturally expel the fetus or tissue
• Medical management: Using medication to induce uterine contractions and expel the fetus or tissue
• Surgical management: Performing a dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure to remove the fetus or tissue

Emotional Support and Follow-up Care

Pregnancy loss can be a emotionally challenging experience for women and their families. It is essential to provide emotional support and follow-up care, including:

• Counseling or therapy to cope with grief and emotions
• Follow-up appointments to monitor physical and emotional recovery
• Discussion of future pregnancy options and risk factors