Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the liver and kidneys.

Definition and Symptoms

Preeclampsia is defined as new-onset hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) after 20 weeks of gestation, combined with evidence of end-organ dysfunction, such as proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, or cerebral or visual disturbances.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase a woman's risk of developing preeclampsia, including:

  • First pregnancy
  • Multiple gestations (carrying twins, triplets, etc.)
  • History of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
  • Family history of preeclampsia
  • Pre-existing medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, or kidney disease
  • Obesity
  • Age greater than 35 years

Diagnosis and Screening

Preeclampsia is typically diagnosed through a combination of:

  • Blood pressure measurements
  • Urine tests to detect proteinuria
  • Blood tests to evaluate liver and kidney function, as well as platelet count

Regular prenatal check-ups can help identify preeclampsia early on, allowing for prompt treatment and management.

Treatment and Management

The primary goal of treating preeclampsia is to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

  • Mild preeclampsia may be managed with:
    • Close monitoring of blood pressure and urine protein levels
    • Bed rest
    • Corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity
  • Severe preeclampsia may require:
    • Hospitalization for close monitoring and treatment
    • Antihypertensive medications to control blood pressure
    • Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures (eclampsia)
    • Delivery, either vaginally or via cesarean section, depending on the severity of the condition and gestational age

Complications and Prevention

If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby, including:

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent preeclampsia, maintaining a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, including:

  • Eating a balanced diet
  • Staying hydrated
  • Getting regular exercise
  • Managing stress
  • Attending regular prenatal check-ups

can help reduce the risk of developing preeclampsia.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.

What are the symptoms of preeclampsia?
Symptoms may include high blood pressure, protein in the urine, severe headaches, vision changes, and abdominal pain.

Who is at risk for preeclampsia?
Women with a history of high blood pressure, kidney disease, or previous preeclampsia are at higher risk, as well as those carrying multiple fetuses.

How is preeclampsia diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made through blood pressure checks and urine tests for protein during prenatal visits.

Can preeclampsia be prevented?
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent preeclampsia, maintaining a healthy weight, managing pre-existing medical conditions, and attending regular prenatal care may reduce the risk.

What are the potential complications of preeclampsia?
Complications can include premature birth, low birth weight, placental abruption, and in severe cases, eclampsia or stroke.

How is preeclampsia typically treated?
Treatment usually involves close monitoring of blood pressure and fetal health, bed rest, and in some cases, medication to lower blood pressure or induce labor.

Can preeclampsia occur after delivery?
Yes, preeclampsia can develop postpartum, often within 48 hours of delivery, although it can occur up to 6 weeks later.

Is preeclampsia the same as eclampsia?
No, while related, preeclampsia refers to the condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage, whereas eclampsia involves seizures in addition to these symptoms.

What is the long-term impact of having had preeclampsia?
Women who have had preeclampsia may be at higher risk for future cardiovascular disease and other health issues, although the exact nature and extent of this risk can vary.

Article last updated on: 18th October 2025.
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