Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, most often the liver and kidneys.

Definition and Symptoms

Preeclampsia is defined as new-onset hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg) after 20 weeks of gestation, combined with evidence of end-organ dysfunction, such as proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), renal insufficiency, impaired liver function, pulmonary edema, or cerebral or visual disturbances.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase a woman's risk of developing preeclampsia, including:

• First pregnancy
• Multiple gestations (carrying twins, triplets, etc.)
• History of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy
• Family history of preeclampsia
• Pre-existing medical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, or kidney disease
• Obesity
• Age greater than 35 years

Diagnosis and Screening

Preeclampsia is typically diagnosed through a combination of:

• Blood pressure measurements
• Urine tests to detect proteinuria
• Blood tests to evaluate liver and kidney function, as well as platelet count

Regular prenatal check-ups can help identify preeclampsia early on, allowing for prompt treatment and management.

Treatment and Management

The primary goal of treating preeclampsia is to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

• Mild preeclampsia may be managed with:
• Close monitoring of blood pressure and urine protein levels
• Bed rest
• Corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity
• Severe preeclampsia may require:
• Hospitalization for close monitoring and treatment
• Antihypertensive medications to control blood pressure
• Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures (eclampsia)
• Delivery, either vaginally or via cesarean section, depending on the severity of the condition and gestational age

Complications and Prevention

If left untreated, preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for both mother and baby, including:

• Eclampsia (seizures)
• Stroke
• Kidney failure
• Premature birth
• Low birth weight

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent preeclampsia, maintaining a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, including:

• Eating a balanced diet
• Staying hydrated
• Getting regular exercise
• Managing stress
• Attending regular prenatal check-ups

can help reduce the risk of developing preeclampsia.