Pertussis

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.

Causes and Risk Factors

Pertussis is spread through respiratory droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The bacteria can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the bacteria and then touching one's mouth or nose.

Risk factors for pertussis include:

• Age: Infants and young children are at highest risk of contracting pertussis, especially those under 6 months old who have not yet completed their primary vaccination series.
• Vaccination status: Individuals who have not received the pertussis vaccine or have not completed the full vaccination series are at increased risk.
• Exposure to infected individuals: People who live with or are in close contact with someone who has pertussis are at higher risk of contracting the illness.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pertussis typically begin within 7-10 days after exposure and may include:

• Mild coughing, which can progress to severe coughing fits
• Whooping sound during coughing fits (although not all individuals with pertussis will exhibit this characteristic symptom)
• Vomiting after coughing fits
• Fever
• Runny nose
• Sneezing
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue

Complications

Pertussis can lead to serious complications, especially in infants and young children. These may include:

• Pneumonia
• Convulsions
• Brain damage
• Death

Diagnosis

Pertussis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

• Culture test: A sample of mucus or saliva is taken from the throat or nose to check for the presence of Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: This test detects the genetic material of the bacteria in a sample of mucus or saliva.
• Serology test: This test measures the levels of antibodies against Bordetella pertussis in the blood.

Treatment

The primary treatment for pertussis is antibiotics, which can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. These may include:

• Azithromycin
• Clarithmetic
• Erythromycin
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

In addition to antibiotics, treatment may also involve supportive care, such as:

• Rest and hydration
• Cough suppression
• Vitamin supplementation

Prevention

The best way to prevent pertussis is through vaccination. The pertussis vaccine is typically administered in combination with other vaccines, such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTaP). Booster shots are also recommended for adolescents and adults.

In addition to vaccination, other preventive measures include:

• Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
• Avoiding close contact with individuals who have pertussis
• Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing