Peripheral Oedema

Peripheral oedema refers to the swelling of the peripheral parts of the body, such as the legs, ankles, feet, arms, and hands, due to the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues.

Causes

• Heart failure: Reduced heart function can lead to fluid buildup in the body, causing oedema.
• Kidney disease: Kidney problems can cause fluid retention, leading to oedema.
• Liver disease: Liver conditions such as cirrhosis can cause fluid accumulation and oedema.
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Blood clots in the deep veins can cause swelling and oedema.
• Varicose veins: Enlarged or twisted veins can lead to fluid buildup and oedema.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and increased blood volume during pregnancy can cause oedema.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as calcium channel blockers and steroids, can cause oedema as a side effect.

Symptoms

• Swelling of the affected area, which may be mild or severe
• Pitting oedema: When pressure is applied to the swollen area, it leaves an indentation that takes time to fill back in.
• Non-pitting oedema: The swelling does not leave an indentation when pressed.
• Discomfort or pain in the affected area
• Redness and warmth of the skin over the affected area

Diagnosis

Diagnosing peripheral oedema involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine the underlying cause. Tests may include:

• Blood tests: To check for kidney and liver function, as well as blood chemistry.
• Urinalysis: To check for proteinuria (excess protein in the urine) or hematuria (blood in the urine).
• Imaging studies: Such as ultrasound or CT scans to visualize the affected area and detect any underlying conditions.

Treatment

Treatment for peripheral oedema depends on the underlying cause. It may involve:

• Lifestyle modifications: Elevating the affected limb, reducing salt intake, and exercising regularly.
• Medications: Diuretics to reduce fluid retention, or medications to treat the underlying condition.
• Compression therapy: Using compression stockings or bandages to help reduce swelling.

Complications

If left untreated, peripheral oedema can lead to complications such as:

• Skin ulcers: Open sores that can become infected.
• Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections of the skin and underlying tissues.
• Chronic venous insufficiency: Permanent damage to the veins, leading to ongoing swelling and discomfort.