Paget's Disease of the Breast

Paget's disease of the breast is a rare form of breast cancer that primarily affects the skin of the nipple and, sometimes, the areola. It is characterized by the presence of Paget cells, which are malignant cells that are typically found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Paget's disease of the breast is not well understood, but it is often associated with an underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive breast cancer. The risk factors for developing Paget's disease include:

• Age: Most cases occur in women over the age of 50
• Family history: Women with a family history of breast cancer are at higher risk
• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including Paget's disease

Symptoms

The symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast may include:

• Eczena-like changes to the skin of the nipple and areola, such as redness, scaling, and crusting
• Itching or burning sensation in the affected area
• Nipple discharge or bleeding
• A palpable mass or lump in the breast

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Paget's disease of the breast typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and biopsy. The following tests may be used:

• Mammography: To evaluate the breast tissue for any underlying tumors or calcifications
• Ultrasound: To further evaluate any abnormalities detected on mammography
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To provide detailed images of the breast tissue and any potential tumors
• Biospy: To collect a sample of tissue from the affected area for histopathological examination

Treatment

The treatment of Paget's disease of the breast typically involves surgery, which may include:

• Simple mastectomy: Removal of the entire breast
• Breast-conserving surgery: Removal of the tumor and a portion of surrounding tissue, followed by radiation therapy

In some cases, additional treatments such as chemotherapy or hormone therapy may be recommended, depending on the presence and characteristics of any underlying breast cancer.