Ovarian Cyst

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on the surface of an ovary. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones. Ovarian cysts are common and usually do not cause any symptoms, but they can be painful if they rupture or become large.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

• Functional ovarian cysts: These are the most common type of ovarian cyst. They form as a result of the normal menstrual cycle and usually go away on their own within a few months.
• Benign neoplastic ovarian cysts: These are non-cancerous growths that can occur on the ovary. They can be filled with fluid or solid tissue.
• Dermoid ovarian cysts: These are a type of benign neoplastic ovarian cyst that contain hair, skin, and other tissues.
• Endometrioma ovarian cysts: These are cysts that form when endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus) grows on the ovary.
• Malignant ovarian cysts: These are cancerous growths that can occur on the ovary. They are less common than benign ovarian cysts.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Many women with ovarian cysts do not experience any symptoms. However, some women may experience:

• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Pain during intercourse
• Difficulty emptying the bladder or bowel
• Nausea and vomiting

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

The exact cause of ovarian cysts is not known, but several factors may contribute to their development, including:

• Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle
• Pelvic infections
• Genetic predisposition
• Previous pelvic surgery

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are typically diagnosed using:

• Pelvic exam: A healthcare provider will perform a physical exam to feel for any abnormalities in the pelvic area.
• Imaging tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be used to visualize the ovaries and confirm the presence of a cyst.
• Blood tests: Blood tests may be used to check for signs of cancer or other underlying conditions.

Treatment of Ovarian Cysts

Treatment for ovarian cysts depends on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst. Options may include:

• Watchful waiting: Small, asymptomatic cysts may be monitored with regular ultrasound exams to see if they go away on their own.
• Surgery: Large or symptomatic cysts may need to be surgically removed. This can be done using laparoscopy or open surgery.
• Hormonal therapy: Hormonal medications may be used to help shrink the cyst or prevent new cysts from forming.

Complications of Ovarian Cysts

Untreated ovarian cysts can lead to complications, including:

• Ovarian torsion: The ovary can twist around its blood supply, cutting off blood flow and causing severe pain.
• Rupture: The cyst can rupture, leading to internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
• Infection: Bacteria can infect the cyst, leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).