Otitis Externa

Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal. It is a common condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections, allergies, and irritation from foreign objects or chemicals.

Causes and Risk Factors

Otitis externa can be caused by:

• Bacterial infections, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus
• Fungal infections, such as Aspergillus or Candida
• Allergies to products like hair dyes, shampoos, or ear drops
• Irritation from foreign objects, such as cotton swabs or earplugs
• Chemical irritation from products like hairspray or perfume
• Excessive moisture in the ear canal, which can create a warm and humid environment that fosters bacterial growth

Symptoms

The symptoms of otitis externa may include:

• Itching or discomfort in the ear canal
• Redness and swelling of the outer ear and ear canal
• Discharge or pus from the ear canal
• Fever
• Hearing loss or a feeling of fullness in the ear
• Pain when touching the outer ear or ear canal

Diagnosis

Otitis externa is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. The doctor may use an otoscope to examine the ear canal and eardrum, and may also take a sample of discharge or pus for laboratory testing.

Treatment

Treatment for otitis externa usually involves:

• Antibiotic ear drops or ointments to treat bacterial infections
• Anti-fungal medications to treat fungal infections
• Corticosteroid ear drops to reduce inflammation and itching
• Pain relief medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen
• Keeping the ear canal dry and avoiding further irritation

Prevention

To prevent otitis externa, it is recommended to:

• Avoid sticking objects into the ear canal, such as cotton swabs or fingers
• Dry the ears thoroughly after showering or bathing
• Avoid using earplugs or headphones that can push earwax and debris further into the ear canal
• Use ear drops or ointments to help dry the ear canal and prevent bacterial growth

Complications

If left untreated, otitis externa can lead to complications such as:

• Chronic inflammation and scarring of the ear canal
• Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
• Infection spreading to other parts of the head or neck
• Mastoiditis, an infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear