Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of one or both testicles, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. The condition can cause pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected testicle.

Causes and Risk Factors

The most common causes of orchitis are:

• Bacterial infections: Such as epididymitis, which is inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. Bacteria like Chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause epididymitis, which can then spread to the testicle and cause orchitis.
• Viral infections: Such as mumps, which is a viral infection that can cause inflammation of the testicles.

Symptoms

The symptoms of orchitis may include:

• Pain or tenderness in one or both testicles
• Swelling of the scrotum, the sac that contains the testicles
• Redness and warmth of the skin over the affected testicle
• Fever
• Chills
• Nausea and vomiting
• Discharge from the penis or blood in the semen

Diagnosis

Orchitis is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. The doctor may perform:

• Physical examination: To check for tenderness, swelling, and redness of the scrotum and testicles.
• Urinalysis: To check for signs of infection in the urine.
• Urine culture: To identify the bacteria causing the infection.
• Blood tests: To check for signs of infection or inflammation in the blood.
• Imaging tests: Such as ultrasound, to evaluate the testicles and scrotum.

Treatment

The treatment for orchitis depends on the underlying cause. For bacterial infections:

• Antibiotics: To treat the infection and prevent complications.
• Pain relief medications: To manage pain and discomfort.
• Rest and elevation: To reduce swelling and promote healing.

For viral infections, such as mumps:

• Supportive care: To manage symptoms, such as pain and fever.
• Rest and hydration: To help the body recover from the infection.

Complications

If left untreated or not properly managed, orchitis can lead to complications, including:

• Infertility: Due to damage to the testicles or epididymis.
• Chronic pain: Persistent pain in the testicles or scrotum.
• Abscess formation: A collection of pus that can form in the scrotum or testicle.
• Spermatocele: A cyst that forms on the epididymis and can affect fertility.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing orchitis:

• Practice safe sex: Use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like Chlamydia and gonorrhea.
• Vaccination: Get vaccinated against mumps to prevent the infection.
• Good hygiene: Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, to reduce the risk of bacterial infections.