Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

Nonmelanoma skin cancer refers to a group of skin cancers that are not melanoma, which is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer. The two main types of nonmelanoma skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It typically appears as a small, shiny bump or nodule on the skin, often with a visible blood vessel running through it. BCC usually develops on areas of the skin that receive frequent sun exposure, such as the face, ears, and hands.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

SCC is the second most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 20% of all cases. It typically appears as a firm, red nodule or flat sore on the skin, often with a scaly or crusted surface. SCC usually develops on areas of the skin that receive frequent sun exposure, such as the face, ears, and hands.

Causes and Risk Factors

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include:

• Light skin color
• History of sunburns
• Weakened immune system
• Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic
• Genetic disorders, such as albinism or xeroderma pigmentosum

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of nonmelanoma skin cancer may include:

• A new growth or bump on the skin
• A sore that does not heal
• A change in the size, shape, or color of a mole or other skin marking
• Bleeding or oozing from a skin lesion

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination and biopsy. A dermatologist may use a specialized tool to examine the skin and take a sample of tissue for further testing.

Treatment Options

Treatment options for nonmelanoma skin cancer depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include:

• Surgical excision: removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue
• Mohs surgery: a specialized surgical technique that removes the tumor layer by layer
• Radiation therapy: use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells
• Topical creams or ointments: application of medicated creams or ointments to the affected area
• Cryotherapy: freezing of the tumor using liquid nitrogen

Prevention and Prognosis

Prevention is key in reducing the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. This can be achieved through:

• Avoiding prolonged sun exposure, especially during peak hours (10am-4pm)
• Using protective clothing, such as hats and long-sleeved shirts
• Applying sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30
• Avoiding tanning beds and artificial UV radiation

The prognosis for nonmelanoma skin cancer is generally good, especially if caught early. With proper treatment, most patients can expect a full recovery.