Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is a common condition experienced by many women during early pregnancy. It is estimated that up to 85% of pregnant women experience some degree of NVP.

Causes

The exact cause of NVP is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, particularly the increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen levels. Other possible contributing factors include:

• Increased sensitivity to smells and tastes
• Stomach contractions and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
• Genetic predisposition
• Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B6 deficiency

Symptoms

The symptoms of NVP can vary in severity and duration, but common experiences include:

• Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting that occurs in the morning)
• Nausea and vomiting at any time of day
• Increased sensitivity to smells and tastes
• Food aversions
• Weight loss due to reduced appetite and increased vomiting

Diagnosis

NVP is typically diagnosed based on a woman's symptoms and medical history. A healthcare provider may perform a physical exam and order laboratory tests to rule out other possible causes of nausea and vomiting, such as:

• Pregnancy test to confirm pregnancy
• Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia or infection
• Electrolyte panel to check for electrolyte imbalances
• Urine tests to check for urinary tract infections or kidney disease

Treatment and Management

Treatment for NVP typically focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications, such as dehydration and malnutrition. Common management strategies include:

• Dietary changes, such as eating small, frequent meals and avoiding trigger foods
• Rest and relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing
• Vitamin B6 supplements to help alleviate symptoms
• Anti-nausea medications, such as metoclopramide or ondansetron, in severe cases
• Intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement for women who are severely dehydrated

Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, NVP can lead to complications, such as:

• Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Malnutrition and weight loss
• Anemia due to vitamin deficiencies
• Pregnancy-related complications, such as preterm labor or low birth weight

Prevention

While there is no sure way to prevent NVP, some women may find that the following strategies help reduce their symptoms:

• Eating a balanced diet and staying hydrated
• Avoiding trigger foods and smells
• Getting plenty of rest and practicing stress-reducing techniques
• Taking vitamin B6 supplements before or during pregnancy