Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It is characterized by inflammation in multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, and eyes.

Causes and Risk Factors

MIS-C is often associated with a recent infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. However, not all children who develop MIS-C have a confirmed history of COVID-19. Other viral infections, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), may also trigger the condition.

Symptoms

The symptoms of MIS-C can vary widely, but common signs include:

• Fever
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Rash
• Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
• Swollen lymph nodes

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of MIS-C is based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The following criteria are used to diagnose MIS-C:

• Patient is under the age of 21 years
• Fever for more than 24 hours
• Evidence of inflammation in two or more organs (e.g., heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes)
• Positive test for SARS-CoV-2 or recent exposure to someone with COVID-19
• No other obvious cause for the symptoms

Treatment

The treatment of MIS-C typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including pediatricians, cardiologists, rheumatologists, and infectious disease specialists. The goals of treatment are to:

• Reduce inflammation and prevent organ damage
• Manage symptoms and prevent complications
• Support the child's overall health and well-being

Treatment may include:

• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to modulate the immune response
• Antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections
• Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, if needed

Complications and Prognosis

MIS-C can lead to serious complications, including:

• Cardiac dysfunction or heart failure
• Respiratory failure
• Kidney injury or failure
• Neurological problems, such as seizures or stroke

The prognosis for children with MIS-C is generally good, especially if treatment is started promptly. However, some children may experience long-term effects, such as cardiac dysfunction or neurological problems.