Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly, but instead bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium when the heart contracts. This can lead to a range of symptoms and complications.

Causes and Risk Factors

Mitral valve prolapse is often caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some people are born with a predisposition to MVP, while others may develop it due to age-related wear and tear on the valve. Risk factors for MVP include:

• Family history of MVP
• Age: MVP is more common in older adults
• Sex: MVP is more common in women than men
• Connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy

Symptoms

Many people with mitral valve prolapse do not experience any symptoms. However, some may experience:

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue or weakness
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
• Lightheadedness or dizziness

Diagnosis

Mitral valve prolapse is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests, including:

• Echocardiogram: an ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and its valves
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
• Chest X-ray: a test that uses radiation to create images of the heart and lungs

Treatment

Treatment for mitral valve prolapse depends on the severity of symptoms and the presence of any underlying conditions. Options may include:

• Monitoring: regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to track the condition and watch for any changes
• Medications: such as beta blockers or blood thinners, to manage symptoms and prevent complications
• Surgery: in some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the mitral valve

Complications

If left untreated, mitral valve prolapse can lead to a range of complications, including:

• Mitral regurgitation: a condition where blood flows backward through the mitral valve and into the left atrium
• Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves or lining
• Atrial fibrillation: a type of irregular heartbeat
• Heart failure: a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs

Prevention

While it may not be possible to prevent mitral valve prolapse, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of complications and promote overall heart health, including:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Eating a balanced diet
• Getting regular exercise
• Managing stress
• Not smoking