Mitral Stenosis

Mitral stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve in the heart. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and it plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow between these two chambers.

Causes

Mitral stenosis is often caused by rheumatic heart disease, which is a complication of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can occur after an untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infection, such as strep throat. Other causes of mitral stenosis include congenital heart defects, calcification of the valve, and radiation therapy.

Symptoms

The symptoms of mitral stenosis may develop gradually over time and can include:

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea) during physical activity or at rest
• Fatigue
• Chest pain (angina)
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
• Coughing up pink, frothy mucus
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet

Diagnosis

Mitral stenosis is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include:

• Echocardiogram: an ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart and its valves
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart
• Chest X-ray: a test that uses radiation to create images of the heart and lungs
• Cardiac catheterization: a procedure in which a small tube is inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the heart to measure blood pressure and take blood samples

Treatment

The treatment for mitral stenosis depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

• Medications: such as diuretics, beta blockers, and anticoagulants to manage symptoms and prevent complications
• Valvotomy: a procedure in which a catheter is used to widen the narrowed valve
• Valve replacement surgery: a surgical procedure in which the damaged valve is replaced with an artificial one
• Mitral valvuloplasty: a minimally invasive procedure in which a balloon is used to widen the narrowed valve

Complications

If left untreated, mitral stenosis can lead to serious complications, including:

• Pulmonary hypertension: high blood pressure in the lungs
• Heart failure: a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
• Atrial fibrillation: an irregular heartbeat that can increase the risk of stroke and other complications
• Embolic events: such as stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Prognosis

The prognosis for mitral stenosis depends on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper treatment, many people with mitral stenosis are able to manage their symptoms and prevent complications. However, if left untreated, mitral stenosis can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications.