Milk Allergy

A milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one of the proteins in milk, such as casein or whey. This condition is most common in infants and young children, but it can also occur in adults.

Causes and Symptoms

The primary cause of a milk allergy is the body's immune system reacting to the proteins in milk. When an individual with a milk allergy consumes milk or milk products, their immune system releases chemical mediators, which can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

• Hives or itchy skin
• Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
• Stomach cramps
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Blood in stool
• Anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction

Diagnosis

Diagnosing a milk allergy typically involves a combination of the following:

• Medical history: A doctor will ask about the individual's symptoms and medical history.
• Physical examination: A physical examination may be performed to look for signs of an allergic reaction.
• Skin prick test: This test involves placing a small amount of milk protein on the skin and observing the reaction.
• Blood tests: Blood tests, such as the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) or the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), can measure the levels of allergy-related antibodies in the blood.
• Elimination diet: A doctor may recommend an elimination diet, where milk and milk products are removed from the diet for a period of time to see if symptoms improve.

Treatment and Management

The primary treatment for a milk allergy is avoidance of milk and milk products. This can be challenging, as milk is a common ingredient in many foods. Individuals with a milk allergy must read food labels carefully and ask questions about food ingredients when eating away from home.

In addition to avoidance, treatment may include:

• Medications: Antihistamines or corticosteroids may be prescribed to relieve mild to moderate allergic reactions.
• Epinephrine auto-injector: Individuals with a severe milk allergy may be prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector, such as an EpiPen, to use in case of an emergency.

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent a milk allergy, but breastfeeding and introducing solid foods at the recommended age may help reduce the risk of developing an allergy. Additionally, individuals with a family history of allergies may be more likely to develop a milk allergy.