Malignant Brain Tumour (Brain Cancer)

A malignant brain tumour, also known as brain cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the brain. It occurs when abnormal cells in the brain grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour.

Types of Malignant Brain Tumours

• Glioblastoma: The most common and aggressive type of primary brain cancer, accounting for about 50% of all primary brain tumours.
• Astrocytoma: A type of glioma that originates from astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain.
• Meningioma: A type of tumour that arises from the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Medulloblastoma: A rare type of brain cancer that typically affects children and originates in the cerebellum.
• Ependymoma: A rare type of glioma that arises from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact causes of malignant brain tumours are not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified:

• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, can increase the risk of developing a brain tumour.
• Radiation exposure: Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from radiation therapy or nuclear accidents, can increase the risk of developing a brain tumour.
• FAMILY HISTORY: A family history of brain cancer may increase an individual's risk of developing a brain tumour.
• Age: Brain cancer can occur at any age, but it is more common in older adults.

Symptoms

The symptoms of malignant brain tumours can vary depending on the location and size of the tumour. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches: Often worse in the morning and exacerbated by coughing, sneezing, or straining.
• Seizures: Can be a presenting symptom, especially in patients with no prior history of seizures.
• Numbness or weakness: In the face, arm, or leg, depending on the location of the tumour.
• Vision changes: Blurred vision, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision.
• Personality changes: Mood swings, irritability, and changes in cognitive function.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing a malignant brain tumour typically involves:

• Neurological examination: A thorough evaluation of the patient's neurological function, including mental status, cranial nerves, and motor and sensory function.
• Imaging studies: Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to visualize the tumour and determine its location and size.
• Biopsy: A surgical procedure to obtain a tissue sample from the tumour for histopathological examination.

Treatment Options

Treatment for malignant brain tumours depends on the type, location, and size of the tumour, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery: To remove as much of the tumour as possible.
• Radiation therapy: To kill cancer cells using high-energy radiation.
• Chemotherapy: To kill cancer cells using medications that target rapidly dividing cells.
• Targeted therapy: To target specific molecular abnormalities in the tumour cells.

Prognosis

The prognosis for malignant brain tumours varies depending on the type and grade of the tumour, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. Generally:

• Glioblastoma: The most aggressive type of primary brain cancer, with a median survival time of approximately 12-18 months.
• Lower-grade gliomas: May have a more favourable prognosis, with median survival times ranging from 5-10 years or more.