Intrauterine Device (IUD)

The Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a type of contraceptive method that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small, T-shaped device made of plastic or copper and is wrapped in a string.

Types of IUDs

• Hormonal IUDs: These devices release a small amount of hormone, such as levonorgestrel or progesterone, into the uterus. Examples include Mirena, Skyla, and Liletta.
• Copper IUDs: These devices are made of copper and work by causing an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm. An example is ParaGard.

How it Works

The IUD works by:

• Preventing fertilization: The IUD makes it difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg.
• Preventing implantation: If an egg is fertilized, the IUD prevents it from implanting in the uterus.
• Thickening cervical mucus: Hormonal IUDs can thicken cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to enter the uterus.

Benefits

• High effectiveness: IUDs are over 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Long-lasting: IUDs can last from 5 to 12 years, depending on the type.
• Low maintenance: Once inserted, IUDs require little to no maintenance.
• Reversible: IUDs can be removed at any time if pregnancy is desired.

Risks and Side Effects

• Pain during insertion: Some women may experience pain or discomfort during the insertion process.
• Bleeding and spotting: Hormonal IUDs can cause changes in menstrual bleeding, including heavier or lighter periods.
• Perforation: In rare cases, the IUD can perforate the uterus or cervix during insertion.
• Infection: There is a small risk of infection with IUD insertion.

Insertion and Removal

IUDs are inserted by a healthcare provider in a clinic or office setting. The process typically takes a few minutes and may involve some discomfort. Removal of an IUD is also done by a healthcare provider and is usually a quick and simple procedure.

Contraindications

• Pregnancy: IUDs should not be inserted during pregnancy.
• Active pelvic infection: IUDs should not be inserted in women with an active pelvic infection.
• Certain cancers: Women with certain types of cancer, such as cervical or uterine cancer, may not be candidates for an IUD.

Special Considerations

• Breastfeeding: Hormonal IUDs can affect milk production in breastfeeding women.
• STIs: Women with a history of STIs may be at increased risk for complications with an IUD.