Infantile Hemangioma

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common benign tumor that appears in infants, typically within the first few weeks of life. It is also known as a strawberry birthmark or infantile capillary hemangioma.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of IH is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the formation of blood vessels during fetal development. Certain risk factors have been identified, including:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Female sex
• White skin
• Family history of IH

Symptoms and Characteristics

IH typically appears as a small, red or purple spot on the skin, which can grow rapidly during the first few months of life. The tumor may be flat or raised, and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

Characteristics of IH include:

• Rapid growth during the first few months of life
• A bright red or purple color
• A soft, compressible texture
• A tendency to ulcerate and bleed easily

Diagnosis

IH is typically diagnosed based on its appearance and characteristics. A healthcare provider may perform a physical examination and take a medical history to confirm the diagnosis.

In some cases, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may be used to confirm the diagnosis or to evaluate the extent of the tumor.

Treatment

Treatment for IH depends on the size, location, and severity of the tumor. In many cases, no treatment is necessary, and the tumor will resolve on its own within a few years.

However, in some cases, treatment may be necessary to:

• Reduce the risk of bleeding or ulceration
• Improve appearance
• Prevent complications such as vision or airway obstruction

Treatment options for IH include:

• Propranolol, a medication that can help reduce the size and color of the tumor
• Corticosteroids, which can be used to reduce inflammation and swelling
• Laser therapy, which can help reduce the size and appearance of the tumor
• Surgery, which may be necessary in some cases to remove the tumor or repair damaged tissue

Complications

IH can be associated with several complications, including:

• Bleeding or ulceration
• Infection
• Vision or airway obstruction
• Scarring or disfigurement

Prognosis

The prognosis for IH is generally excellent, with most tumors resolving on their own within a few years. However, in some cases, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications or improve appearance.

It is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor the tumor and develop an effective treatment plan if necessary.