Indigestion

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a common symptom characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by bloating, nausea, and vomiting.

Causes of Indigestion

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort.
• Peptic ulcers: Open sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) that can cause pain and bleeding.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Food intolerance: Difficulty digesting certain foods, such as lactose or gluten, which can lead to indigestion and other symptoms.
• Eating habits: Eating too quickly, eating spicy or fatty foods, or drinking too much caffeine or alcohol can contribute to indigestion.

Symptoms of Indigestion

• Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, often described as a burning or gnawing sensation.
• Bloating and gas.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Loss of appetite.
• Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food.

Diagnosis of Indigestion

Diagnosis is typically based on a physical examination, medical history, and symptoms. Tests may be ordered to rule out underlying conditions, such as:

• Upper endoscopy: A procedure where a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
• Barium swallow: A test where a patient swallows a liquid containing barium, which helps highlight the upper digestive tract on X-rays.
• Stool tests: To check for infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or other gastrointestinal infections.

Treatment of Indigestion

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Lifestyle changes: Avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and managing stress.
• Over-the-counter medications: Antacids, histamine-2 (H2) blockers, or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid.
• Prescription medications: For conditions such as GERD, peptic ulcers, or gastritis.

Complications of Indigestion

If left untreated, indigestion can lead to complications such as:

• Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to chronic inflammation.
• Barrett's esophagus: A precancerous condition where the lining of the esophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine.
• Gastric cancer: In rare cases, long-term gastritis or peptic ulcers can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.