IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)

IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when an antibody called immunoglobulin A (IgA) lodges in the kidneys and causes inflammation. This inflammation can damage kidney tissues and lead to hematuria, proteinuria, and potentially, kidney failure.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some potential triggers include:

• Genetic predisposition: Family history may play a role in the development of IgA nephropathy.
• Infections: Certain infections, such as those affecting the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts, may trigger the onset of IgA nephropathy.
• Allergies: Some research suggests that allergies may contribute to the development of IgA nephropathy.

Symptoms

The symptoms of IgA nephropathy can vary widely and may include:

• Hematuria (blood in the urine): This is often the first symptom of IgA nephropathy, and it may be visible to the naked eye or only detectable with a microscope.
• Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine): As kidney damage progresses, the kidneys may become less efficient at filtering waste and excess fluids, leading to proteinuria.
• Pain: Some people with IgA nephropathy may experience flank pain or abdominal pain.
• Fatigue: Kidney disease can cause fatigue, weakness, and a general feeling of being unwell.

Diagnosis

IgA nephropathy is typically diagnosed through a combination of the following tests:

• Urinalysis: A urine test to check for blood, protein, and other abnormalities.
• Blood tests: To evaluate kidney function and check for signs of inflammation or infection.
• Kidney biopsy: A procedure in which a small sample of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for signs of IgA deposits and inflammation.

Treatment and Management

Treatment for IgA nephropathy depends on the severity of the disease and may include:

• Medications: To control blood pressure, reduce proteinuria, and minimize kidney damage.
• Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
• Immunosuppressants: In some cases, medications that suppress the immune system may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
• Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress can help slow disease progression and reduce symptoms.

Prognosis and Complications

The prognosis for IgA nephropathy varies widely depending on the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Some potential complications include:

• Kidney failure: In severe cases, IgA nephropathy can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Nephrotic syndrome: A condition characterized by heavy proteinuria, low albumin levels, and edema.
• Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can exacerbate kidney damage and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.