Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a medical condition characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, which can lead to obstruction of blood flow and increased risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death.

Causes and Risk Factors

HCM is often caused by genetic mutations that affect the proteins in the heart muscle. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. Other risk factors include:

• Family history of HCM or sudden cardiac death
• Mutations in genes such as MYBPC3, MYH7, and TNNT2
• Athletic training and intense physical activity

Symptoms

Symptoms of HCM may include:

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue or weakness
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
• Syncope (fainting)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HCM is typically made using a combination of:

• Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Genetic testing

Treatment and Management

Treatment for HCM typically involves:

• Medications to control symptoms, such as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers
• Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to prevent sudden cardiac death
• Surgical septal myectomy to remove thickened heart muscle
• Avoidance of intense physical activity and athletic training

Complications and Prognosis

Complications of HCM may include:

• Heart failure
• Sudden cardiac death
• Atrial fibrillation
• Stroke

The prognosis for individuals with HCM varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of other risk factors. With proper treatment and management, many people with HCM can lead active and normal lives.