Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood. The normal range for calcium in the blood is between 8.5 and 10.5 mg/dL. When calcium levels exceed this range, it can lead to a variety of symptoms and potentially serious complications.

Causes of Hypercalcemia

There are several possible causes of hypercalcemia, including:

• Hyperparathyroidism: Overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
• Malignancy: Certain types of cancer, such as lung, breast, and kidney cancer, can produce substances that increase calcium levels.
• Vitamin D intoxication: Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements can lead to hypercalcemia.
• Sarcoidosis: A condition characterized by the growth of granulomas in various parts of the body, which can increase calcium levels.
• Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland can produce excess thyroid hormone, leading to hypercalcemia.
• Immobility: Prolonged bed rest or immobility can lead to an increase in calcium levels.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as lithium and thiazide diuretics, can cause hypercalcemia as a side effect.

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

The symptoms of hypercalcemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not produce any noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can lead to:

• Weakness and fatigue
• Confusion and disorientation
• Nausea and vomiting
• Constipation
• Polyuria (excessive urination)
• Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• Bone pain
• Kidney stones

Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

• Blood tests: To measure calcium levels in the blood.
• Urinalysis: To check for high levels of calcium in the urine.
• Imaging studies: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to evaluate bone density and detect any potential underlying conditions.
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test: To measure PTH levels in the blood.

Treatment of Hypercalcemia

The treatment of hypercalcemia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Mild cases may be managed with:

• Hydration: Drinking plenty of water to help flush out excess calcium.
• Dietary changes: Avoiding foods high in calcium and vitamin D.
• Medications: Such as bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, or calcitonin to lower calcium levels.

More severe cases may require hospitalization and treatment with:

• Intravenous fluids: To rapidly correct dehydration and lower calcium levels.
• Loop diuretics: To increase urine production and help remove excess calcium.
• Dialysis: In cases of severe kidney failure or hypercalcemia-induced renal impairment.

Complications of Hypercalcemia

If left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to serious complications, including:

• Kidney damage: High levels of calcium can cause kidney stones and impair kidney function.
• Bone disease: Excess calcium can lead to osteoporosis, bone pain, and increased risk of fractures.
• Cardiovascular problems: Hypercalcemia can increase the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes.
• Neurological symptoms: Severe hypercalcemia can cause confusion, disorientation, and even coma.