Hydatidiform Mole

A hydatidiform mole, also known as a molar pregnancy, is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb during early pregnancy.

Causes and Risk Factors

A hydatidiform mole occurs when there is an abnormal fertilization of the egg, resulting in an overgrowth of trophoblast cells, which would normally develop into the placenta. The exact cause is not known, but it is thought to be related to genetic errors during fertilization.

• Most hydatidiform moles are sporadic and occur by chance.
• A woman's risk of having a molar pregnancy increases if she:
• Is over 35 years old
• Has had a previous molar pregnancy
• Has a family history of molar pregnancies
• Is of Asian descent

Symptoms

The symptoms of a hydatidiform mole can vary, but may include:

• Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, which can be heavy or light
• Nausea and vomiting
• Severe morning sickness
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Rapid uterine growth
• Preeclampsia (high blood pressure and protein in the urine)
• Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism

Types of Hydatidiform Moles

There are two main types of hydatidiform moles:

• Complete mole: This type of mole occurs when a sperm fertilizes an empty egg, resulting in a growth with no fetal tissue.
• Partial mole: This type of mole occurs when two sperm fertilize a normal egg, resulting in a growth with some fetal tissue, but it is usually severely abnormal and cannot survive.

Diagnosis

A hydatidiform mole is typically diagnosed during an ultrasound examination, which can show the characteristic "snowstorm" appearance of the mole. Other diagnostic tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

Treatment

The primary treatment for a hydatidiform mole is surgical removal of the mole, usually through a procedure called a dilation and curettage (D&C). In some cases, other treatments may be necessary, such as:

• Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
• Chemotherapy to treat any remaining cancer cells
• Radiation therapy to treat any remaining cancer cells

Complications

A hydatidiform mole can increase a woman's risk of developing certain complications, including:

• Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), a type of cancer that develops from the trophoblast cells
• Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), a rare type of cancer that develops in the uterus
• Choriocarcinoma, a type of cancer that develops from the trophoblast cells

Follow-up Care

After treatment for a hydatidiform mole, it is essential to follow up with regular check-ups and blood tests to monitor for any signs of complications or recurrence. This may include:

• Regular hCG blood tests to ensure that the levels return to normal
• Ultrasound examinations to check for any remaining tissue or cancer cells
• Annual check-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor for any signs of recurrence or complications