Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test is a medical diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of high-risk types of HPV, which can cause cervical cancer and other health issues. The test is typically performed on women, but it can also be used for men in certain situations.

Purpose of the Test

The primary purpose of the HPV test is to:

• Detect high-risk types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer and precancerous lesions
• Identify women who are at risk for developing cervical cancer
• Monitor women who have been treated for cervical cancer or precancerous lesions
• Aid in the diagnosis of other HPV-related conditions, such as genital warts and anal cancer

Types of HPV Tests

There are several types of HPV tests available, including:

• Pap test (Papanicolaou test): a screening test that collects cells from the cervix to detect abnormal cell changes and HPV
• HPV DNA test: a molecular test that detects the genetic material of high-risk HPV types
• HPV RNA test: a molecular test that detects the genetic material of high-risk HPV types and can identify the specific type of HPV present
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test: a molecular test that amplifies the genetic material of HPV to detect its presence

How the Test is Performed

The HPV test is typically performed in a healthcare provider's office or clinic. The procedure involves:

• A pelvic exam, during which a speculum is inserted into the vagina to hold it open
• A swab or brush is used to collect cells from the cervix
• The collected cells are then sent to a laboratory for analysis

Results and Interpretation

The results of an HPV test can be:

• Negative: no high-risk HPV types were detected
• Positive: one or more high-risk HPV types were detected
• Unclear or inconclusive: the test results are not clear, and additional testing may be needed

If the test results are positive, the healthcare provider may recommend:

• Colposcopy: a procedure to examine the cervix for abnormal cell changes
• Biopsy: a procedure to collect tissue samples from the cervix for further examination
• Repeat testing: to monitor for any changes in HPV status

Risk Factors and Recommendations

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that women:

• Between the ages of 21 and 29 have a Pap test every 3 years
• Between the ages of 30 and 65 have an HPV test and Pap test every 5 years, or a Pap test alone every 3 years
• Above the age of 65 do not need to be screened if they have had previous normal results and are not at high risk for cervical cancer

Men can also be infected with HPV, but there is no routine screening test available. However, men who are at high risk for HPV-related diseases, such as those with weakened immune systems or who practice anal sex, may benefit from screening.