HPV Test

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test is a medical screening used to detect the presence of high-risk types of HPV, which can cause cervical cancer and other health issues.

Purpose

The primary purpose of the HPV test is to identify women who are at risk of developing cervical cancer. It is often used in conjunction with a Pap test (Pap smear) to screen for abnormal cell changes in the cervix.

Types of HPV Tests

There are several types of HPV tests available, including:

• HPV DNA test: This test detects the genetic material (DNA) of high-risk HPV types.
• HPV RNA test: This test detects the genetic material (RNA) of high-risk HPV types.
• HPV E6/E7 mRNA test: This test detects the messenger RNA (mRNA) of two specific proteins (E6 and E7) produced by high-risk HPV types.

How the Test is Performed

The HPV test typically involves collecting a sample of cells from the cervix using a swab or brush. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Interpreting Results

HPV test results can be:

• Negative: No high-risk HPV types were detected.
• Positive: One or more high-risk HPV types were detected. This may indicate an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.
• Unclear or inconclusive: The test results are not clear, and additional testing may be needed.

Risk Factors and Recommendations

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that women between the ages of 21 and 65 have an HPV test every 5 years, or a Pap test every 3 years. Women who are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer may need to be screened more frequently.

Limitations and Potential Risks

The HPV test is not perfect and may have limitations, including:

• False-negative results: The test may not detect all cases of high-risk HPV.
• False-positive results: The test may indicate the presence of high-risk HPV when it is not actually present.

Follow-up Care

If an HPV test result is positive, a healthcare provider may recommend additional testing or procedures, such as:

• Colposcopy: A procedure to examine the cervix and vagina for abnormal cell changes.
• Biopsy: A procedure to collect a sample of tissue from the cervix for further examination.