Horner Syndrome

Horner syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by a disruption in the nerve pathway that controls certain involuntary functions of the face and eye.

Causes

The condition occurs when there is damage to the sympathetic nervous system, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders
• Trauma to the head or neck
• Tumors, such as pancreatic or lung cancer
• Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
• Diabetes
• Certain medications, such as those used to treat high blood pressure

Symptoms

The symptoms of Horner syndrome can vary depending on the location and severity of the damage, but may include:

• Ptosis (drooping eyelid)
• Miosis (constricted pupil)
• Anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side of the face
• Enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit)
• Flushing or redness of the skin on the affected side of the face

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Horner syndrome is typically made based on a physical examination and medical history. Additional tests, such as:

• Imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI scans) to rule out underlying conditions
• Pharmacological testing (e.g., cocaine or apraclonidine eye drops) to confirm the diagnosis

Treatment

Treatment for Horner syndrome depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Addressing the underlying condition, such as treating a tumor or infection
• Surgical correction of ptosis or other cosmetic concerns
• Medications to manage symptoms, such as eye drops to dilate the pupil

Prognosis

The prognosis for Horner syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, the symptoms may be temporary and resolve on their own, while in other cases, they may be permanent.