Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75-85% of all liver cancer cases. It is a malignant tumor that arises from the hepatocytes, which are the main cells of the liver.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of HCC is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified, including:

• Chronic hepatitis B and C infections: These viral infections can lead to liver inflammation and scarring, which can increase the risk of developing HCC.
• Alcohol abuse: Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage and increase the risk of HCC.
• Aflatoxin exposure: Aflatoxins are toxins produced by certain molds that can contaminate food, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Exposure to aflatoxins has been linked to an increased risk of HCC.
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): NAFLD is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and scarring, increasing the risk of HCC.
• Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis is a condition characterized by scarring of the liver, which can increase the risk of HCC.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HCC may not appear until the disease is advanced. Common symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

Diagnosis

HCC is typically diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, such as:

• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
• Ultrasound

Blood tests, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, may also be used to support the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

The treatment options for HCC depend on the stage of the disease and the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include:

• Surgical resection: Removing the tumor surgically
• Liver transplantation: Replacing the entire liver with a healthy one from a donor
• Ablation therapies: Using heat or cold to destroy the tumor cells
• Embolization: Blocking the blood supply to the tumor
• Chemotherapy and targeted therapy: Using medications to kill cancer cells
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells

Prognosis

The prognosis for HCC varies depending on the stage of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Early detection and treatment can improve survival rates, but the overall 5-year survival rate for HCC is approximately 20-30%.