Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is a rare type of liver cancer that primarily affects children, typically under the age of 3 years. It is the most common type of liver cancer in children and accounts for approximately 1% of all childhood cancers.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of hepatoblastoma is not well understood, but several genetic syndromes and conditions have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. These include:

• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
• Hemihypertrophy
• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Symptoms

The symptoms of hepatoblastoma may vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but common signs include:

• Abdominal swelling or distension
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Fatigue

Diagnosis

Hepatoblastoma is typically diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, including:

• Computed tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasound

A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor.

Treatment

The treatment for hepatoblastoma usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The goal of treatment is to remove the tumor and prevent it from spreading to other parts of the body.

• Surgery: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for hepatoblastoma, with the goal of removing the entire tumor.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumor and kill any remaining cancer cells.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in some cases to treat tumors that cannot be removed surgically or to relieve symptoms.

Prognosis

The prognosis for hepatoblastoma varies depending on the stage and extent of the disease, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. With current treatments, the overall survival rate for children with hepatoblastoma is approximately 70-80%.

Stages

Hepatoblastoma is typically staged using the following system:

• Stage I: The tumor is completely resected, and there are no cancer cells in the margins.
• Stage II: The tumor is not completely resected, but there are no cancer cells in the margins.
• Stage III: The tumor is not completely resected, and there are cancer cells in the margins.
• Stage IV: The tumor has spread to other parts of the body.

Current Research

Researchers are continually exploring new treatments and therapies for hepatoblastoma, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the effectiveness of these approaches in improving outcomes for children with this disease.