Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is a major cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer worldwide.

What is Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, such as through needle sharing, transfusions of unscreened blood, or from mother to child during birth. Hepatitis C can also be spread through sexual contact, although this is less common.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

The symptoms of hepatitis C may not appear until the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine and pale stools
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Muscle and joint pain
• Itching
• Depression

Stages of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C can progress through several stages, including:

• Acute hepatitis C: This is the initial stage of infection, which may last up to six months. Some people may not experience any symptoms during this stage.
• Chronic hepatitis C: If the virus is not cleared from the body, it can lead to chronic infection, which can cause ongoing liver damage and increase the risk of liver cancer.
• Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver that can lead to liver failure.
• Liver cancer: Hepatitis C is a major risk factor for liver cancer.

Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is typically diagnosed through:

• Blood tests: To detect the presence of HCV antibodies and antigens.
• Liver function tests: To assess liver damage and inflammation.
• Imaging tests: Such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to evaluate liver damage.
• Liver biopsy: To assess the extent of liver damage and scarring.

Treatments for Hepatitis C

The goal of treatment is to eliminate the virus from the body and prevent further liver damage. Treatment options include:

• Antiviral medications: Such as sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and daclatasvir, which can cure hepatitis C in most people.
• Combination therapy: Using multiple antiviral medications to increase the chances of a cure.
• Pegylated interferon: An injectable medication that can help stimulate the immune system to fight the virus.
• Ribavirin: An oral medication that can be used in combination with other medications to treat hepatitis C.
• Liver transplant: In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of Hepatitis C

To reduce the risk of contracting hepatitis C:

• Avoid sharing needles or other equipment for injecting drugs.
• Use protection during sex, such as condoms.
• Get tested for HCV if you have a history of high-risk behavior or if you have been exposed to the virus.
• Avoid getting tattoos or piercings from unlicensed facilities.
• Practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly, especially after coming into contact with blood or other bodily fluids.

Complications of Hepatitis C

If left untreated, hepatitis C can lead to:

• Liver cancer
• Cirrhosis
• Liver failure
• Portal hypertension
• Splenic enlargement
• Increased risk of infections, such as pneumonia and sepsis.

Prognosis of Hepatitis C

The prognosis for hepatitis C depends on the stage of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper treatment, most people can achieve a cure and prevent further liver damage.