Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is a medical treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine to keep your body in balance when the kidney can't do its job properly. This treatment is necessary for individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or acute kidney injury.

How it Works

Hemodialysis involves the use of a dialyzer, also known as an artificial kidney, which is a device that filters waste products, excess water, and salt from the blood. The process works as follows:

• Blood is drawn from the body through a vascular access site, typically in the arm.
• The blood then passes through the dialyzer, where it is filtered and cleaned.
• The cleaned blood is then returned to the body through the same vascular access site.

Types of Vascular Access

There are three main types of vascular access used for hemodialysis:

• Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF): A surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, typically in the forearm.
• Arteriovenous Graft (AVG): A surgically implanted tube made of synthetic material that connects an artery and a vein.
• Central Venous Catheter (CVC): A tube inserted into a large vein in the neck or chest, used for temporary access.

Frequency and Duration of Treatment

The frequency and duration of hemodialysis treatment vary depending on individual needs. Typically:

• Treatment is performed three times a week, with each session lasting around 3-4 hours.
• The exact schedule may be adjusted based on factors such as residual kidney function, fluid status, and electrolyte balance.

Complications and Risks

While hemodialysis is a life-saving treatment, it can also have complications and risks, including:

• Infection of the vascular access site.
• Blood clots or thrombosis in the dialyzer or vascular access.
• Low blood pressure (hypotension) during or after treatment.
• Muscle cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

Dietary Restrictions

Individuals undergoing hemodialysis typically require a special diet to manage electrolyte and fluid balance. This may include restrictions on:

• Sodium intake to control blood pressure and fluid buildup.
• Potassium-rich foods to prevent hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels).
• Phosphorus-rich foods to prevent hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphorus levels).
• Fluid intake to manage fluid overload and prevent complications.

Lifestyle Adjustments

To maintain optimal health while undergoing hemodialysis, individuals should:

• Follow a recommended diet and fluid restriction plan.
• Attend all scheduled dialysis sessions and follow the treatment plan.
• Monitor and manage blood pressure, blood sugar, and other health parameters as directed by their healthcare team.
• Stay hydrated and avoid excessive fluid intake between treatments.