Hematoma

A hematoma is a collection of blood that has leaked out of blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue. It can occur anywhere in the body, including the skin, muscles, organs, and joints.

Causes

Hematomas are often caused by injury or trauma to the affected area, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a surgical procedure. They can also be caused by medical conditions that affect blood clotting, such as hemophilia or liver disease.

Types of Hematoma

• Subcutaneous hematoma: occurs just beneath the skin and is often visible as a bruise.
• Intramuscular hematoma: occurs within a muscle and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
• Epidural hematoma: occurs between the skull and the outer layer of tissue covering the brain, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
• Subdural hematoma: occurs between the brain and the outer layer of tissue covering the brain, and can also be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a hematoma depend on its location and size. Common symptoms include:

• Pain or tenderness in the affected area
• Swelling or bruising
• Limited mobility or stiffness
• Numbness or tingling
• Weakness or fatigue

Treatment

Treatment for a hematoma depends on its size, location, and severity. Small hematomas may resolve on their own with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). Larger hematomas may require:

• Drainage of the hematoma through a needle or surgical procedure
• Medications to reduce pain and inflammation
• Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
• Surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or surrounding tissue

Complications

If left untreated, a hematoma can lead to complications such as:

• Infection
• Nerve damage
• Organ damage
• Blood clots
• Death of surrounding tissue (necrosis)

Prevention

To prevent hematomas, it is essential to:

• Wear protective gear during sports or activities that carry a risk of injury
• Avoid falls and other accidents
• Manage medical conditions that affect blood clotting
• Avoid taking medications that can increase the risk of bleeding, such as anticoagulants