Hematochezia

Hematochezia is a medical term that refers to the passage of fresh blood per rectum, typically presenting as bright red or maroon-colored stools.

Causes

• Gastrointestinal bleeding: Hematochezia can be caused by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, which can originate from various sources such as ulcers, inflammation, infections, or tumors.
• Diverticulosis: Diverticula are small pouches that can form in the wall of the colon and can bleed, leading to hematochezia.
• Hemorrhoids: Enlarged veins in the rectum or anus can cause bleeding, resulting in hematochezia.
• Anal fissures: Tears in the lining of the anus can cause painful bleeding and hematochezia.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hematochezia.
• Colon cancer: Bleeding from colon cancer can present as hematochezia.
• Angiodysplasia: Abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract can cause bleeding and hematochezia.

Symptoms

• Bright red or maroon-colored stools
• Passage of fresh blood per rectum
• Pain or discomfort in the abdomen or rectum
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dizziness or lightheadedness due to blood loss

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hematochezia typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history: A thorough review of the patient's medical history to identify potential causes.
• Physical examination: A physical examination to assess for signs of bleeding or other underlying conditions.
• Endoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Colonoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the colon.
• Imaging studies: Such as CT scans or MRI scans to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures.

Treatment

Treatment for hematochezia depends on the underlying cause and may involve:

• Blood transfusions: To replace lost blood and prevent anemia.
• Medications: Such as anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics to treat underlying conditions.
• Endoscopic procedures: To stop bleeding or remove polyps or tumors.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove damaged tissue.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Hematochezia?
Hematochezia is the passage of fresh blood per rectum, typically indicating bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

What are common causes of Hematochezia?
Common causes include diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and colorectal cancer, among others.

Is Hematochezia always an emergency?
Not always, but it can be if the bleeding is heavy or the patient is unstable.

Can Hematochezia be caused by upper GI bleeding?
Rarely, as most upper GI bleeding presents with melena, but possible if bleeding is rapid and massive.

What are risk factors for Hematochezia?
Risk factors include age over 60, family history of colorectal cancer, and personal history of polyps or diverticulosis.

How is Hematochezia diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, laboratory tests, and often endoscopy or colonoscopy.

Can Hematochezia be treated at home?
Generally no, as it requires medical evaluation to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

What are potential complications of Hematochezia?
Potential complications include hypovolemic shock, anemia, and perforation, depending on the underlying cause.

Can medications cause Hematochezia?
Yes, certain medications such as anticoagulants, NSAIDs, and aspirin can increase the risk of bleeding.

Is Hematochezia more common in men or women?
It appears to be slightly more common in men, particularly those over 60.