Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a rare but severe respiratory disease caused by infection with hantaviruses. These viruses are typically found in rodents and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodent urine, saliva, or feces.

Causes and Risk Factors

HPS is caused by several strains of hantavirus, including Sin Nombre virus, New York virus, and Black Creek Canal virus. The primary mode of transmission is through inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine or saliva, often when disturbing or cleaning up rodent infestations. Other risk factors include:

• Living in areas with high rodent populations
• Engaging in outdoor activities such as hiking or camping in areas where rodents are common
• Working with rodents in a laboratory setting
• Having a weakened immune system

Symptoms

The symptoms of HPS can range from mild to severe and typically develop within 1-6 weeks after exposure. Early symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Muscle aches
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain

As the disease progresses, symptoms can worsen to include:

• Shortness of breath
• Coughing
• Chest tightness
• Rapid heartbeat
• Low blood pressure

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing HPS can be challenging, as the early symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory illnesses. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Laboratory tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
• Chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate lung damage

Treatment for HPS is primarily supportive and focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

• Oxygen therapy to improve breathing
• Fluid replacement to manage dehydration
• Medications to control fever, pain, and blood pressure
• Intensive care unit (ICU) admission for severe cases

Prevention

To reduce the risk of contracting HPS, it is essential to take precautions when interacting with rodents or their habitats. These measures include:

• Avoiding contact with wild rodents and their droppings
• Sealing entry points to prevent rodent infestations in homes and buildings
• Using protective gear, such as gloves and masks, when cleaning up rodent infestations
• Avoiding disturbing or touching dead rodents

Outlook and Prognosis

The prognosis for HPS is generally poor, with a mortality rate of approximately 50%. However, prompt medical attention and supportive care can improve outcomes. It is essential to seek medical help immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.