General Anesthesia

General anesthesia is a state of deep sedation, immobility, and amnesia that is induced through the administration of medications. It is used to ensure patient comfort and safety during surgical procedures, allowing them to tolerate the procedure without feeling pain or discomfort.

Types of General Anesthesia

• Inhalational anesthesia: uses anesthetic gases such as sevoflurane, desflurane, or isoflurane to induce and maintain anesthesia.
• Intravenous anesthesia: uses medications such as propofol, ketamine, or etomidate to induce and maintain anesthesia.
• Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA): uses a combination of intravenous medications to induce and maintain anesthesia.

Medications Used in General Anesthesia

• Anesthetics: such as sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, propofol, ketamine, and etomidate.
• Analgesics: such as fentanyl, sufentanil, or remifentanil to manage pain.
• Muscle relaxants: such as succinylcholine, rocuronium, or vecuronium to facilitate tracheal intubation and surgical exposure.

Stages of General Anesthesia

1. Induction: the patient is given medications to induce anesthesia, usually through inhalation or intravenous administration.
2. Intubation: a tube is inserted into the patient's airway to secure it and provide ventilation.
3. Maintenance: the patient is given medications to maintain anesthesia throughout the procedure.
4. Emergence: the patient is slowly recovered from anesthesia, usually by discontinuing the anesthetic medications and providing oxygen.

Risks and Complications of General Anesthesia

• Respiratory complications: such as respiratory depression, bronchospasm, or laryngospasm.
• Cardiovascular complications: such as hypotension, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias.
• Neurological complications: such as seizures, stroke, or peripheral nerve damage.
• Allergic reactions: to anesthetic medications or latex products.

Monitoring During General Anesthesia

• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor heart rate and rhythm.
• Blood pressure monitoring to ensure stable blood pressure.
• Pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation.
• Capnography to monitor carbon dioxide levels.
• Anesthetic gas monitoring to ensure safe anesthetic concentrations.

Recovery from General Anesthesia

After the procedure, the patient is taken to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) for recovery. The patient will be monitored closely for any complications and will receive oxygen, pain management, and other supportive care as needed.