Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common medical condition characterized by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. This occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which separates the esophagus and stomach, fails to close properly or relaxes inappropriately.

Causes and Risk Factors

The causes and risk factors for GER include:

• Weakened lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Hiatal hernia
• Certain foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and chocolate
• Smoking
• Drinking alcohol or caffeine
• Eating large or heavy meals
• Lying down after eating

Symptoms

The symptoms of GER may include:

• Heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and throat
• Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Coughing or wheezing
• Sore throat
• Hoarseness

Diagnosis

GER is typically diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These may include:

• Upper endoscopy
• Barium swallow
• Ambulatory acid probe test
• Esophageal manometry

Treatment

Treatment for GER typically involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Lifestyle modifications may include:

• Eating smaller, more frequent meals
• Avoiding trigger foods
• Losings weight if overweight or obese
• Quitting smoking
• Avoiding lying down after eating
• Raising the head of the bed by 6-8 inches

Medications may include:

• Antacids
• Histamine-2 (H2) blockers
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Complications

If left untreated, GER can lead to complications such as:

• Esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus
• Stricture, narrowing of the esophagus
• Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition
• Esophageal cancer

It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.