Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common medical condition characterized by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. This occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which separates the esophagus and stomach, fails to close properly or relaxes inappropriately.
Causes and Risk Factors
The causes and risk factors for GER include:
- Weakened lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
- Hiatal hernia
- Certain foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and chocolate
- Smoking
- Drinking alcohol or caffeine
- Eating large or heavy meals
- Lying down after eating
Symptoms
The symptoms of GER may include:
- Heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and throat
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Coughing or wheezing
- Sore throat
- Hoarseness
Diagnosis
GER is typically diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These may include:
- Upper endoscopy
- Barium swallow
- Ambulatory acid probe test
- Esophageal manometry
Treatment
Treatment for GER typically involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Lifestyle modifications may include:
- Eating smaller, more frequent meals
- Avoiding trigger foods
- Losings weight if overweight or obese
- Quitting smoking
- Avoiding lying down after eating
- Raising the head of the bed by 6-8 inches
Medications may include:
- Antacids
- Histamine-2 (H2) blockers
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Complications
If left untreated, GER can lead to complications such as:
- Esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus
- Stricture, narrowing of the esophagus
- Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition
- Esophageal cancer
It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Article last updated on: 15th June 2025.
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