Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease that affects the medium and large arteries, most commonly the renal and internal carotid arteries. It is characterized by abnormal cell growth in the arterial wall, leading to narrowing or dilation of the affected artery.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of FMD is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Women are more likely to develop FMD than men, and the condition often affects individuals between the ages of 20 and 60. Other risk factors include:

• Family history of FMD
• Hormonal influences
• Smoking
• High blood pressure

Symptoms

The symptoms of FMD vary depending on the location and severity of the affected artery. Common symptoms include:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Headaches
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
• Vertigo
• Numbness or tingling in the face or extremities
• Weakened or absent pulses in the arms or legs

Diagnosis

FMD is often diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, including:

• Doppler ultrasound
• Computed tomography (CT) angiography
• Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography
• Angiography

Treatment

Treatment for FMD depends on the severity of the condition and the location of the affected artery. Options may include:

• Medications to control blood pressure and prevent further vascular damage
• Angioplasty or stenting to open up narrowed arteries
• Surgical bypass or reconstruction of affected arteries

Complications

If left untreated, FMD can lead to serious complications, including:

• Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Kidney damage or failure
• Aneurysm formation or rupture
• Arterial dissection or thrombosis

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with FMD varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper management, many people with FMD can lead active and normal lives. However, it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor the condition and prevent complications.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)?
A non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease that affects medium and large arteries.

Which arteries are commonly affected by FMD?
Renal and internal carotid arteries are most commonly affected, but it can also occur in other arteries.

What are the symptoms of FMD?
Symptoms may include high blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, and neck or arm pain, depending on the artery affected.

Is FMD a genetic disorder?
The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to have a possible genetic component, with some cases appearing to be familial.

How is FMD diagnosed?
Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as angiography, CT scans, or MRI.

Can FMD be treated?
Treatment options are available, including medication, angioplasty, and surgery, depending on the severity and location of the disease.

Is FMD more common in men or women?
FMD appears to be more common in women, particularly those under the age of 50.

Can FMD increase the risk of other health problems?
Yes, it may increase the risk of aneurysms, dissections, and stroke, depending on the arteries affected.

Is there a cure for FMD?
While treatment can manage symptoms and slow disease progression, there is no known cure for FMD.

How common is FMD?
The exact prevalence is unknown, but it is considered a relatively rare condition.