Fibroids

Fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. They are composed of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue, and can vary in size, shape, and location.

Types of Fibroids

There are several types of fibroids, including:

• Intramural fibroids: These grow within the muscular wall of the uterus.
• Submucosal fibroids: These grow just beneath the uterine lining (endometrium) and can protrude into the uterine cavity.
• Subserosal fibroids: These grow on the outer surface of the uterus.
• Pedunculated fibroids: These grow on a stalk-like structure and can be either submucosal or subserosal.

Symptoms of Fibroids

The symptoms of fibroids can vary depending on the size, location, and number of fibroids. Common symptoms include:

• Heavy menstrual bleeding: Prolonged or heavy periods, including clotting.
• Pelvic pressure or pain: Feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvic area.
• Bloating and swelling: Abdominal bloating and swelling due to the size of the fibroids.
• Urinary frequency or urgency: Pressure on the bladder can cause frequent urination or a sense of urgency.
• Constipation: Large fibroids can press on the rectum, causing constipation.
• Pain during sex: Fibroids can cause pain or discomfort during intercourse.
• Infertility: In some cases, fibroids can interfere with fertility.

Causes and Risk Factors of Fibroids

The exact causes of fibroids are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to their development:

• Hormonal influences: Estrogen and progesterone can stimulate the growth of fibroids.
• Genetic predisposition: Women with a family history of fibroids are more likely to develop them.
• Age: Fibroids are more common in women over 30 years old.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing fibroids.

Treatments for Fibroids

Treatment options for fibroids depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the fibroids, as well as the woman's overall health and reproductive plans. Common treatments include:

• Watchful waiting: Monitoring the fibroids with regular check-ups and ultrasounds.
• Medications: Hormonal therapies, such as birth control pills or GnRH agonists, to shrink the fibroids or reduce symptoms.
• Minimally invasive procedures: Techniques such as uterine artery embolization (UAE), magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), or radiofrequency ablation to shrink or destroy the fibroids.
• Surgery: Myomectomy (removal of the fibroids) or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary for large or symptomatic fibroids.
• Alternative therapies: Acupuncture, herbal supplements, and dietary changes may help alleviate symptoms, but their effectiveness is not well-studied.

Complications of Fibroids

If left untreated, fibroids can lead to complications such as:

• Anemia: Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause iron-deficiency anemia.
• Infertility: Large or multiple fibroids can interfere with fertility.
• Miscarriage: Fibroids can increase the risk of miscarriage.
• Pregnancy complications: Fibroids can cause preterm labor, placental abruption, or fetal growth restriction during pregnancy.