Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to a range of procedures that involve the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is a human rights violation and a form of violence against women and girls.

Types of FGM

There are four main types of FGM, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO):

• Type I: Clitoridectomy, which involves the removal of the clitoris, with or without the removal of the prepuce.
• Type II: Excision, which involves the removal of the clitoris and labia minora, with or without the removal of the labia majora.
• Type III: Infibulation, which involves the removal of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening (introitus), leaving a small opening for urine and menstrual blood to pass through.
• Type IV: This includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, or cauterization.

Prevalence of FGM

FGM is practiced in at least 30 countries globally, with the majority being in Africa. According to UNICEF, over 200 million women and girls have undergone FGM worldwide. The practice is most common in countries such as Somalia, Guinea, Djibouti, Sierra Leone, and Mali.

Health Risks of FGM

FGM poses significant health risks to those who undergo the procedure, including:

• Severe pain and bleeding during and after the procedure
• Infection, including tetanus, HIV, and other blood-borne diseases
• Difficulty urinating and passing menstrual blood
• Prolonged labor and increased risk of obstetric complications during childbirth
• Infertility and increased risk of miscarriage
• Psychological trauma, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Reasons for FGM

FGM is often performed due to cultural, social, or religious reasons. Some of the common reasons include:

• To preserve a girl's virginity and prevent promiscuity
• To prepare a girl for marriage and improve her chances of finding a husband
• To maintain family honor and avoid social exclusion
• Due to misconceptions about hygiene, beauty, or religious requirements

Laws and International Response

FGM is prohibited by law in many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and several African nations. The practice has been condemned by numerous international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Efforts to eradicate FGM include education, community outreach, and support for survivors.

Treatment and Support

Women and girls who have undergone FGM may require medical attention to address any immediate health complications. Long-term support may involve:

• Counseling and psychological therapy to address trauma and emotional distress
• Gynecological care, including repair of damaged tissue and treatment of related health issues
• Obstetric care during pregnancy and childbirth to minimize risks and complications
• Social support and community resources to help survivors reintegrate into their communities