Exercise-Induced Asthma

Exercise-induced asthma (EIA), also known as exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), is a type of asthma that occurs during or after physical activity. It is characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

Causes and Triggers

The exact causes of EIA are not fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development. These include:

• Cold air: Cold air can trigger bronchospasm in people with EIA.
• Dry air: Dry air can also trigger bronchospasm, as it can irritate the airways and cause inflammation.
• Air pollution: Exposure to air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter can exacerbate EIA symptoms.
• Respiratory infections: Respiratory infections such as the common cold or flu can trigger EIA symptoms in some people.

Symptoms

The symptoms of EIA typically occur during or after physical activity, and may include:

• Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound that occurs when breathing out.
• Coughing: A dry, hacking cough that may produce mucus.
• Shortness of breath: Feeling winded or unable to catch one's breath.
• Chest tightness: Feeling like the chest is constricted or tight.

Diagnosis

EIA is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These may include:

• Spirometry: A test that measures lung function and can help diagnose asthma.
• Peak flow meter: A device that measures the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in one second.
• Methacholine challenge test: A test that assesses how sensitive the airways are to a substance called methacholine, which can trigger bronchospasm.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for EIA typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle modifications. These may include:

• Short-acting beta agonists (SABAs): Medications such as albuterol that can help relieve bronchospasm and improve symptoms.
• Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs): Medications such as salmeterol that can help control symptoms over a longer period of time.
• Inhaled corticosteroids: Medications such as fluticasone that can help reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.
• Warm-up and cool-down exercises: Gradually increasing and decreasing physical activity can help prevent EIA symptoms.
• Avoiding triggers: Avoiding cold air, dry air, and air pollution can help prevent EIA symptoms.

Management and Prognosis

With proper treatment and management, people with EIA can lead active and healthy lives. It is essential to work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and make lifestyle modifications to manage symptoms and prevent exacerbations.