Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the epiglottis, a small cartilage flap located at the entrance of the larynx (voice box), becomes inflamed.

Causes and Risk Factors

Epiglottitis is typically caused by a bacterial infection, with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) being the most common culprit. However, other bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae can also cause the condition. The risk of developing epiglottitis is higher in individuals who:

• Have not been vaccinated against Hib
• Have a weakened immune system
• Have a history of respiratory tract infections
• Smoke or are exposed to secondhand smoke

Symptoms

The symptoms of epiglottitis can develop rapidly and may include:

• Sudden onset of severe sore throat
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• High fever, usually above 103°F (39.4°C)
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Stridor (a high-pitched sound while inhaling)
• Muffled voice or difficulty speaking
• Neck swelling or tenderness

Diagnosis

Diagnosing epiglottitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests, including:

• Laryngoscopy: a procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the epiglottis and larynx
• Imaging studies: such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans to evaluate the extent of inflammation and rule out other conditions
• Blood tests: to check for signs of infection, such as elevated white blood cell count or C-reactive protein
• Culture tests: to identify the underlying bacterial cause

Treatment

Treatment for epiglottitis typically involves a combination of:

• Antibiotics: to treat the underlying bacterial infection
• Supportive care: such as oxygen therapy, hydration, and pain management
• Securing the airway: in severe cases, a tracheostomy or intubation may be necessary to ensure adequate breathing

Complications

If left untreated or inadequately treated, epiglottitis can lead to serious complications, including:

• Airway obstruction: which can cause respiratory failure and death
• Sepsis: a life-threatening condition that occurs when the infection spreads to the bloodstream
• Abscess formation: a collection of pus that can develop in the tissues surrounding the epiglottis

Prevention

Vaccination against Hib is an effective way to prevent epiglottitis, particularly in children. Additionally, practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with individuals who have respiratory infections, can help reduce the risk of developing epiglottitis.