Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the uterus, specifically in the lining of the uterus called the endometrium. It is the most common type of gynecologic cancer and typically affects women over the age of 50.

Types of Endometrial Cancer

There are several types of endometrial cancer, including:

• Type I endometrial cancer: This is the most common type, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops from precancerous cells in the endometrium and is often linked to hormonal imbalances.
• Type II endometrial cancer: This type is less common and more aggressive than Type I. It tends to develop from normal cells in the endometrium and is not typically associated with hormonal imbalances.
• Uterine sarcoma: This rare type of cancer develops in the muscle layer of the uterus, rather than the lining.

Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer

The symptoms of endometrial cancer may include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This is the most common symptom, and can include heavy or irregular periods, spotting between periods, or bleeding after menopause.
• Pelvic pain: Pain in the pelvic area, which may be constant or intermittent.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge: A watery or bloody discharge from the vagina.
• Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, particularly if it is significant and rapid.
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak, which can be a symptom of advanced cancer.

Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer

Certain factors may increase a woman's risk of developing endometrial cancer, including:

• Age: The risk of endometrial cancer increases with age, particularly after the age of 50.
• Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
• Hormonal imbalances: Women with high levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone may be at increased risk.
• Family history: A family history of endometrial or colon cancer may increase the risk.
• Previous radiation therapy: Women who have had radiation therapy to the pelvic area may be at increased risk.

Treatments for Endometrial Cancer

The treatment for endometrial cancer typically depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the woman's overall health. Treatment options may include:

• Surgery: A hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is often the primary treatment for endometrial cancer. The surgeon may also remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and lymph nodes.
• Radiation therapy: This may be used to treat cancer that has spread beyond the uterus or to reduce symptoms such as pain or bleeding.
• Chemotherapy: This may be used to treat advanced endometrial cancer, particularly if it has spread to other parts of the body.
• Hormone therapy: This may be used to treat Type I endometrial cancer, which is often linked to hormonal imbalances.
• Targeted therapy: This is a newer type of treatment that targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.

Stages of Endometrial Cancer

The stages of endometrial cancer are:

• Stage I: The cancer is limited to the uterus.
• Stage II: The cancer has spread to the cervix, but not beyond the uterus.
• Stage III: The cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix, but not to distant parts of the body.
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the bladder, bowel, or lungs.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis for endometrial cancer depends on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the woman's overall health. The 5-year survival rate for women with endometrial cancer is:

• 91% for Stage I cancer.
• 78% for Stage II cancer.
• 57% for Stage III cancer.
• 17% for Stage IV cancer.

Prevention and Screening

While there is no sure way to prevent endometrial cancer, women can reduce their risk by:

• Maintaining a healthy weight.
• Getting regular exercise.
• Eating a balanced diet.
• Avoiding hormone replacement therapy (HRT) if possible.

Women over the age of 40 should discuss their risk factors with their doctor and undergo regular pelvic exams and Pap tests. Women with a family history of endometrial cancer may need to start screening earlier.