Endocarditis

Endocarditis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the inner lining of the heart, known as the endocardium. It occurs when bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms enter the bloodstream and settle on the heart valves or other areas of the endocardium.

Types of Endocarditis

There are two main types of endocarditis:

• Infective Endocarditis (IE): This is the most common type, caused by bacterial infection. It can be further divided into acute and subacute forms.
• Non-Infective Endocarditis: This type is caused by non-bacterial factors, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome.

Symptoms of Endocarditis

The symptoms of endocarditis can vary depending on the severity and location of the infection. Common symptoms include:

• Fever, chills, and sweating
• Weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath
• Chest pain or palpitations
• Swollen legs, ankles, or feet
• Painful or swollen joints
• Small red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae)
• Clubbing of the fingers or toes

Causes and Risk Factors of Endocarditis

Endocarditis is usually caused by bacterial infection, which can enter the bloodstream through:

• Dental procedures or gum disease
• Skin infections or wounds
• Intravenous drug use
• Catheters or other medical devices

People with certain heart conditions, such as:

• Artificial heart valves
• Heart valve problems (e.g., mitral regurgitation)
• History of endocarditis
• Congenital heart defects

are at higher risk of developing endocarditis.

Treatments for Endocarditis

Treatment for endocarditis usually involves a combination of:

• Antibiotics: To kill the bacteria causing the infection. The type and duration of antibiotic treatment depend on the severity and location of the infection.
• Surgery: To repair or replace damaged heart valves or remove infected tissue. Surgery may be necessary in severe cases or when antibiotics are not effective.
• Supportive care: To manage symptoms, such as fever, pain, and shortness of breath. This may include hospitalization, bed rest, and monitoring of vital signs.

Complications of Endocarditis

If left untreated or not treated promptly, endocarditis can lead to serious complications, including:

• Heart failure
• Stroke or brain abscess
• Kidney damage or failure
• Sepsis or septic shock
• Death

Prevention of Endocarditis

To reduce the risk of developing endocarditis, it is essential to:

• Practice good oral hygiene and regular dental care
• Avoid intravenous drug use
• Use sterile equipment for medical procedures
• Take antibiotics as prescribed before certain medical procedures (e.g., dental work) if you have a high-risk heart condition