Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes, also known as transaminases, are a common laboratory finding that can indicate liver damage or disease. The two main liver enzymes that are typically measured are:

• Alanine Transaminase (ALT): This enzyme is found primarily in the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, heart, and muscles.
• Aspartate Transaminase (AST): This enzyme is found in the liver, heart, muscles, and kidneys.

When liver cells are damaged, they release these enzymes into the bloodstream, causing levels to rise. Elevated liver enzymes can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Viral hepatitis: Such as hepatitis A, B, or C, which can cause inflammation and damage to liver cells.
• Alcoholic liver disease: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
• Fatty liver disease: A condition in which fat builds up in the liver, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as statins, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause elevated liver enzymes as a side effect.
• Autoimmune disorders: Conditions like autoimmune hepatitis, in which the immune system attacks healthy liver cells.
• Genetic disorders: Such as hemochromatosis, which can lead to iron overload and liver damage.
• Cancer: Liver cancer or metastatic cancer that has spread to the liver can cause elevated liver enzymes.

Symptoms of elevated liver enzymes may include:

• Fatigue
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Dark urine or pale stools

Diagnosis of elevated liver enzymes typically involves:

• Liver function tests (LFTs): A blood test that measures the levels of ALT, AST, and other liver enzymes.
• Imaging studies: Such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize the liver and detect any abnormalities.
• Liver biopsy: A procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is removed for examination under a microscope.

Treatment of elevated liver enzymes depends on the underlying cause and may involve:

• Medications: To reduce inflammation, slow disease progression, or manage symptoms.
• Lifestyle modifications: Such as weight loss, exercise, and avoiding alcohol or certain medications.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or repair liver damage.