Egg Allergy

An egg allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to one or more proteins found in eggs, such as ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, and ovalbumin. This reaction can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to life-threatening reactions.

What Causes an Egg Allergy?

An egg allergy occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies proteins in eggs as harmful and produces antibodies to fight them off. These antibodies trigger the release of chemical mediators, such as histamine, which cause blood vessels to dilate and smooth muscle to contract, leading to various symptoms.

Symptoms of an Egg Allergy

The symptoms of an egg allergy can vary in severity and may include:

• Hives or itchy skin: Red, raised patches on the skin that can be itchy and uncomfortable.
• Swelling: Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, which can lead to difficulty breathing.
• Stomach cramps: Painful cramping in the abdomen, often accompanied by diarrhea or vomiting.
• Diarrhea: Loose, watery stools that may be bloody or contain mucus.
• Vomiting: Forceful expulsion of stomach contents, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
• Anaphylaxis: A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, dizziness or fainting, and a feeling of impending doom.

Diagnosing an Egg Allergy

A diagnosis of an egg allergy is typically made based on a combination of the following:

• Medical history: A thorough review of symptoms, eating habits, and any previous allergic reactions.
• Physical examination: A physical exam to look for signs of an allergic reaction, such as hives or swelling.
• Skin prick test: A small amount of egg protein is placed on the skin, and the area is pricked with a small needle. If a red, itchy bump appears within 15-20 minutes, it may indicate an allergy.
• Blood tests: Measurements of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in the blood can help confirm an egg allergy.
• Elimination diet: Removing eggs from the diet for a period and monitoring symptoms to see if they improve or resolve.

Treatments for an Egg Allergy

The primary treatment for an egg allergy is avoidance of eggs and products containing eggs. However, in cases where accidental exposure occurs, the following treatments may be used:

• Antihistamines: Medications such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can help relieve mild to moderate symptoms like hives and itching.
• Corticosteroids: Prescription medications like prednisone can reduce inflammation and swelling in more severe reactions.
• Epinephrine auto-injectors: Devices like EpiPens or Auvi-Qs administer a dose of epinephrine to help alleviate symptoms of anaphylaxis.
• Immunotherapy: Allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy may be recommended for some individuals with severe egg allergies to desensitize them to the allergen and reduce the risk of future reactions.

Prevention and Management

To manage an egg allergy, it's essential to:

• Read food labels carefully: Look for hidden sources of eggs in products like baked goods, pasta, and sauces.
• Avoid cross-contamination: Use separate cooking utensils, cutting boards, and pans when preparing egg-free meals to prevent accidental exposure.
• Inform others about the allergy: Share information with family members, caregivers, teachers, and restaurant staff to ensure everyone is aware of the allergy and can provide a safe environment.
• Carry an emergency kit: Always have a supply of medications, such as antihistamines or epinephrine auto-injectors, on hand in case of an accidental exposure.