Dry Eyes

Dry eyes, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common condition characterized by insufficient lubrication on the surface of the eye. It occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears are of poor quality, leading to discomfort and vision problems.

Symptoms

• Dryness, grittiness, or burning sensation in the eyes
• Redness and inflammation of the eyes
• Blurred vision or fluctuating vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Eye fatigue or strain
• Mucus or discharge in the eyes
• Painful or irritated eyes
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses
• Stringy discharge or crusting on the eyelashes

Causes and Risk Factors

Dry eyes can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Aging: Dry eyes are more common in people over 50 years old
• Computer use or reading: Prolonged screen time or reading can reduce tear production
• Environmental factors: Wind, dry air, or smoke can exacerbate dry eyes
• Contact lens wear: Wearing contact lenses can increase the risk of dry eyes
• Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines and decongestants, can reduce tear production
• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during menopause or pregnancy can contribute to dry eyes
• Autoimmune disorders: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus can increase the risk of dry eyes
• Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids can contribute to dry eyes

Treatments

Treatment for dry eyes depends on the severity and underlying cause of the condition. The following are some common treatments:

• Artificial tears: Over-the-counter or prescription eye drops that mimic natural tears to lubricate the eyes
• Preservative-free artificial tears: For people who are sensitive to preservatives in artificial tears
• Thicker eye drops or gels: For more severe dry eyes, thicker eye drops or gels can provide longer-lasting relief
• Lacrisert: A small insert that is placed in the corner of the eye to increase tear production
• Punctal plugs: Small devices that are inserted into the tear ducts to block drainage and increase tear retention
• Meibomian gland expression: A procedure to express the meibomian glands, which produce the oily layer of tears
• Lid hygiene: Cleaning the eyelids to reduce inflammation and promote healthy tear production
• Omega-3 supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammation and promote healthy tear production
• Avoiding irritants: Avoiding wind, dry air, or smoke can help alleviate dry eyes
• Humidifiers: Using a humidifier to add moisture to the air can help relieve dry eyes

Lifestyle Changes

In addition to medical treatments, making lifestyle changes can help manage dry eyes:

• Blink regularly when using computers or reading
• Take breaks to look away from screens and focus on distant objects
• Wear sunglasses with a wraparound frame to protect the eyes from wind and dry air
• Avoid rubbing the eyes, as this can irritate them further
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke

Complications

If left untreated, dry eyes can lead to complications such as:

• Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be painful and vision-threatening
• Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, which can cause redness, discharge, and discomfort
• Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, which can cause pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light
• Decreased vision: Chronic dry eyes can lead to decreased vision if left untreated