Diabetes Prevention

Diabetes prevention refers to the measures taken to prevent the onset of diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, which is the most common form of the disease. The goal of diabetes prevention is to reduce the risk of developing the condition and its associated complications.

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Family history of diabetes
• Age (risk increases with age)
• History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 4 kg
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Sleep apnea
• Certain ethnicities, such as African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, and Asian American

Lifestyle Interventions for Diabetes Prevention

The following lifestyle interventions have been shown to be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes:

• Weight loss: Achieving a weight loss of 5-10% of initial body weight through a combination of diet and exercise
• Physical activity: Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise, or a combination of both, per week
• Dietary changes: Following a healthy eating pattern that emphasizes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean protein sources, and low-fat dairy products, and limits intake of sugary drinks, refined carbohydrates, and saturated fats
• Stress management: Engaging in stress-reducing activities, such as yoga or meditation, to help manage stress levels

Medications for Diabetes Prevention

Certain medications have been shown to be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes, including:

• Metformin: A medication that improves insulin sensitivity and is often prescribed for people with prediabetes or a history of gestational diabetes
• Acarbose: A medication that slows the absorption of carbohydrates from the gut, reducing postprandial glucose levels
• Orlistat: A medication that reduces fat absorption and can aid in weight loss

Screening and Monitoring for Diabetes Prevention

Regular screening and monitoring are essential for identifying individuals at risk of developing diabetes and for tracking the effectiveness of prevention efforts. The following tests are commonly used:

• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test: Measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Measures blood glucose levels after consuming a sugary drink
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months

Benefits of Diabetes Prevention

The benefits of diabetes prevention include:

• Reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated complications, such as heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage
• Improved overall health and well-being
• Increased energy levels and physical function
• Enhanced mental health and reduced risk of depression and anxiety