Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a severe form of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral illness. It is characterized by bleeding, low blood platelet count, and blood plasma leakage, or a low blood platelet count.

Cause

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, primarily Aedes aegypti. There are four serotypes of the virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), and infection with one serotype does not provide immunity against the other serotypes.

Symptoms

The symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever typically begin within 3 to 14 days after the bite of an infected mosquito. They may include:

• Fever
• Severe headache
• Pain behind the eyes
• Joint and muscle pain
• Rash
• Bleeding from the nose, gums, or under the skin
• Easy bruising
• Abdominal pain
• Vomiting blood or black tarry stools

Diagnosis

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and epidemiological information. Laboratory tests may include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) to check for low platelet count
• Blood chemistry tests to evaluate liver and kidney function
• Serological tests to detect the presence of dengue virus antibodies or antigens

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for dengue hemorrhagic fever, but supportive care can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include:

• Fluid replacement to prevent dehydration and shock
• Blood transfusions to replace lost blood
• Pain management with acetaminophen or other medications
• Rest and avoiding strenuous activities

Prevention

Prevention of dengue hemorrhagic fever is primarily through mosquito control measures, including:

• Eliminating standing water around homes to prevent mosquito breeding
• Using insecticides and larvicides to kill mosquitoes and their larvae
• Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellents when outdoors
• Installing window and door screens to prevent mosquito entry into homes

Complications

If left untreated, dengue hemorrhagic fever can lead to severe complications, including:

• Shock and organ failure
• Bleeding disorders
• Respiratory distress
• Cardiac problems

Prognosis

The prognosis for dengue hemorrhagic fever is generally good if prompt medical attention is sought. However, the mortality rate can be high if left untreated or if complications develop.