Cytomegalovirus Infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that can infect anyone. It is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most prevalent viruses found in humans.

Transmission

CMV can be transmitted through:

• Direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as urine, saliva, breast milk, blood, and semen
• Organ transplantation from an infected donor
• Blood transfusion from an infected donor
• Vertical transmission from mother to fetus during pregnancy
• Close contact with someone who has the virus, such as through touching or sharing food and drinks

Symptoms

Most people who are infected with CMV do not exhibit any symptoms. However, some individuals may experience:

• Mild flu-like symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, and swollen glands
• Mononucleosis-like syndrome, which includes symptoms such as sore throat, swollen tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes
• Hepatitis or inflammation of the liver
• Pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs
• Retailitis or inflammation of the retina
• Neurological problems, such as encephalitis or meningitis, in rare cases

Diagnosis

CMV infection can be diagnosed through:

• Viral culture, which involves growing the virus in a laboratory setting
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, which detects the genetic material of the virus
• Serology tests, which detect the presence of antibodies against CMV in the blood
• Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, to evaluate organ damage

Treatment

Treatment for CMV infection depends on the severity of the symptoms and the individual's overall health. Antiviral medications, such as:

• Ganciclovir
• Valganciclovir
• Foscarnet
• Cidofovir

may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care and monitor for potential complications.

Complications

CMV infection can lead to serious complications in certain individuals, including:

• Newborns, who may experience hearing loss, developmental delays, or vision problems
• People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, who may develop severe symptoms or life-threatening illnesses
• Organ transplant recipients, who may experience graft failure or rejection due to CMV infection

Prevention

To reduce the risk of CMV infection:

• Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly
• Avoid close contact with individuals who have the virus
• Use protective barriers, such as condoms, during sexual activity
• Avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils with others
• Receive regular prenatal care to monitor for CMV infection during pregnancy