Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testes, is a medical condition where one or both testicles have not moved down into the scrotum after birth.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Premature birth: Babies born prematurely are at higher risk of having cryptorchidism.
• Low birth weight: Babies with low birth weight are also at increased risk.
• Family history: Having a family history of cryptorchidism increases the risk.
• Hormonal imbalance: Hormonal imbalances during fetal development may contribute to cryptorchidism.
• Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, can increase the risk of cryptorchidism.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The main symptom of cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testicles in the scrotum. A physical examination by a doctor can usually diagnose the condition. The doctor may also perform an ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Types of Cryptorchidism

• Non-palpable: The testicle is not felt in the groin or scrotum.
• Palpable: The testicle is felt in the groin but has not descended into the scrotum.
• Ectopic: The testicle is located outside of its normal path of descent, often in the thigh or abdomen.

Treatment and Management

Treatment for cryptorchidism usually involves surgery to bring the undescended testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy. Hormonal therapy may also be used to stimulate testicular descent. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, and the condition may resolve on its own.

Complications

• Infertility: Untreated cryptorchidism can increase the risk of infertility in later life.
• Testicular cancer: There is an increased risk of testicular cancer in men with a history of cryptorchidism.
• Testicular torsion: The undescended testicle is at higher risk of twisting, which can cut off blood supply and lead to tissue death.

Prognosis and Outlook

The prognosis for cryptorchidism is generally good if treated early. Surgery can usually correct the condition, and fertility can be preserved. However, if left untreated, the risk of complications increases, and fertility may be affected.