Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced by the adrenal gland and can also be synthesized artificially for medical use.

Types of Corticosteroids

• Glucocorticoids: These corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and are used to treat conditions such as asthma, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Examples include prednisone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone.
• Mineralocorticoids: These corticosteroids help regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body. An example is aldosterone.

Medical Uses of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including:

• Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis
• Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis
• Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• Skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis
• Cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma
• Organ transplantation to prevent rejection

Administration of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids can be administered in various ways, including:

• Oral: Tablets or liquid taken by mouth
• Intravenous (IV): Injected into a vein
• Intramuscular (IM): Injected into a muscle
• Topical: Applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes
• Inhaled: Used in inhalers for asthma and COPD

Side Effects of Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids can cause a range of side effects, including:

• Weight gain and changes in appetite
• Mood changes, such as anxiety, irritability, and insomnia
• Increased blood sugar levels
• Increased risk of infections
• Osteoporosis and bone thinning
• Cataracts and glaucoma
• Acne and skin changes

Contraindications and Precautions

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in certain individuals, including:

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• People with diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease
• Those with a history of osteoporosis or bone fractures
• Individuals with active infections or tuberculosis

Withdrawal from Corticosteroids

When stopping corticosteroid therapy, it is essential to taper the dose gradually to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which can include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headaches and dizziness
• Joint pain and stiffness