Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a surgical procedure used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), which occurs when the coronary arteries, the major blood vessels that supply blood to the heart, become damaged or diseased.

Indications for CABG

CABG is typically recommended for patients with:

• Severe CAD that cannot be managed with medication or other treatments
• Multivessel disease, where multiple coronary arteries are blocked
• Left main coronary artery disease, which affects the main artery that supplies blood to the left ventricle
• Previous heart attacks or angina (chest pain) that has not responded to other treatments

Procedure Overview

The CABG procedure involves:

1. Administering general anesthesia to the patient
2. Making an incision in the chest and opening the rib cage to access the heart
3. Harvesting a healthy blood vessel (graft) from another part of the body, such as the leg or arm
4. Attaching the graft to the coronary artery, bypassing the blocked section
5. Closing the incision and restoring blood flow to the heart

Surgical Techniques

There are several surgical techniques used in CABG, including:

• On-pump CABG: The use of a heart-lung machine to take over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery
• Off-pump CABG: The performance of surgery on a beating heart, without the use of a heart-lung machine
• Minimally invasive CABG: The use of smaller incisions and specialized instruments to perform the procedure
• Robotic-assisted CABG: The use of robotic systems to assist with the procedure

Risks and Complications

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and complications associated with CABG, including:

• Bleeding or hemorrhage
• Infection
• Stroke or cerebral embolism
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
• Kidney damage or failure
• Lung problems, such as pneumonia or respiratory failure

Recovery and Follow-up

After CABG surgery, patients typically:

• Spend several days in the hospital for monitoring and recovery
• Require several weeks to recover at home, with gradual return to normal activities
• Need to follow a cardiac rehabilitation program to improve heart health and reduce the risk of future complications
• Require regular follow-up appointments with their cardiologist or surgeon to monitor their condition and adjust treatment as needed

Outcomes and Prognosis

The outcomes and prognosis for patients undergoing CABG are generally good, with:

• Improved symptoms and quality of life
• Reduced risk of heart attack and death from CAD
• Increased survival rates compared to medical therapy alone
• A median graft patency rate (the percentage of grafts that remain open) of 80-90% at 10 years after surgery